Introduction and Overview of the Life of Muhammad
Donner's Reply to the Skeptics
Enter Muhammad: An Overview
1. Ibn Khaldun's Social and Economic Theory
Bedouins and Sedentary Peoples
The Hijaz on the Eve of the Rise of Islam
3. The Role of Abraham, Hagar, and Ishmael
Who was the Sacrificial Son?
The Islamic Theory that Abraham, Ishmael, and Hagar Traveled to the Valley of Mecca
Abraham, Ishmael, and the Kaaba
William Muir on the Abrahamic Question
Muir on the Founding of Mecca and the Abrahamic Legend
4. Recent and Current Scholarship
The Kaaba and its Devotees
Hanifiya and the Religion of Abraham
More on Pre-Islamic Religion in the Arabian Peninsula
5. Possible Influences on Muhammad's Inspiration
Jewish Historians on the Jews of Arabia
Baron on Pre-Islamic, Arab-Jewish Relations in Arabia
6. The Jews of Arabia: A Recent Re-Examination
7. Richard Bell's Origin of Islam in its Christian Environment
8. W. Montgomery Watt's Muhammad
The Daughters of Allah or the So-Called Satanic Verses
More on the "Daughters of Allah" Affair
Watt's Muhammad at Medina
9. Muhammad at Medina: William Muir's Analysis
Muhammad and the Jewish Tribes of Medina
Current Research on the Massacre of the B. Qurayza
10. Muhammad and the Jews
Muhammad and the Jews: G. D. Newby's Re-Examination of the Evidence
11. Concluding Sociological Reflections
