British imperialism, 1688-2000

Foreword: The Continuing Debate on Empire

The Problem and the Context

The historiographical setting

The argument

Gentility and the market

The evolution of the gentlemanly order

The manufacturing interest

The terms of the trade: expansion and imperialism

Ideology and methodology

Prospective: Aristocracy, Finance and Empire, 1688-1850

Historiographical perspectives

The financial revolution: private interests and public virtues

The evolution of the military-fiscal state

Exporting the Revolution Settlement

The Gentlemanly Order, 1850-1914

'Something Peculiar to England': The Service Sector, Wealth and Power, 1850-1914

Economic growth

Agricultural decline

Industry after 1850

The service sector

The new gentlemanly capitalists

The City of London and gentlemanly capitalism

Industry, provincialism and power

Gentlemanly capitalism and politics

Economic interests and occupations of Members of Parliament, 1868-1914

Gentlemanly Capitalism and Economic Policy: City, Government and the 'National Interest', 1850-1914

Gladstonian finance

Gladstonianism, the Bank of England and the gold standard

The City of London and the national interest

The Baring Crisis and its resolution

Industry and economic policy

City and government in the nineteenth century

'The Great Emporium': Foreign Trade and Invisible Earnings, 1850-1914

Commodity trade and foreign competition

Trade in services

Foreign investments

Commerce, finance and free trade

Two Nations? Foreign Investment and the Domestic Economy, 1850-1914

The City and foreign investment

Foreign investment and industry

Foreign investment and economic growth

Foreign investment and gentlemanly capitalism

Challenging Cosmopolitanism: The Tariff Problem and Imperial Unity, 1880-1914

Free trade and empire unity

Chamberlain and protectionism

Industry, the City and free trade

Cosmopolitanism and industrial decline

Manufacturing interests in Parliament, 1868-1910

The Wider World, 1815-1914

'An Extension of the Old Society': Britain and the Colonies of Settlement, 1850-1914

The international economy and the new world

Political liberty and financial dependence

Australasia

Canadian unity and British finance

Britain and the white empire after 1850

Calling the New World into Existence: South America, 1815-1914

A continental perspective

Argentina

Brazil

Chile

The spread of informal influence

'Meeting her Obligations to her English Creditors': India, 1858-1914

Interpretations of the imperial purpose

Prelude, 1757-1857

The extension of the gentlemanly order

Financial imperatives and British rule

'The Imperious and Irresistible Necessity': Britain and the Partition of Africa, 1882-1902

Britain's first development plan for Africa

The occupation of Egypt

Crisis and war in South Africa

Selective acquisitions: tropical Africa

From partition to paramountcy

'We Offer Ourselves as Supporters': The Ottoman Empire and Persia, 1838-1914

The Ottoman Empire: from free trade to foreign management

Persia: financial diplomacy

with limited finance

Management without development

'Maintaining the Credit-Worthiness of the Chinese Government': China, 1839-1911

Experiments with informal influence, 1839-94

The scramble for China, 1894-1911

The new financial empire

Redividing the World

Britain, Germany and 'Imperialist' War, 1900-14

The economics of foreign policy

Marxist theory and World War I

Anglo-German rivalry and its effects

Retrospect: 1688-1914

The Empire in the Twentieth Century

The Imperialist Dynamic: From World War I to Decolonisation

The Gentlemanly Order, 1914-39

'The Power of Constant Renewal': Services, Finance and the Gentlemanly Elite, 1914-39

Manufacturing, services and the south-east

Finance and industry after 1914

Wealth and power between the wars

Industry, the City and the Decline of the International Economy, 1914-39

Commodity trade

The City and invisibles

Upholding Gentlemanly Values: The American Challenge, 1914-31

Industry, the state, and war, 1914-21

The impact of the United States

The return to gold

The financial crisis, 1929-31

'A Latter-Day Expression of Financial Imperialism': The Origins of the Sterling Area, 1931-39

Financial crisis and economic orthodoxy

Financial imperialism without gold

The coming of the Pax Americana

The Wider World, 1914-49

Maintaining Financial Discipline: The Dominions, 1914-39

The Australian debt crisis

Disciplining the Afrikaner

New Zealand breaks the shackles

Canada and sterling

Imperial preference and British finance

'A New Era of Colonial Ambitions': South America, 1914-39

A continental perspective

Argentina

Brazil

Chile

Debt-collecting and control in South America

'Financial Stability and Good Government': India, 1914-47

Patterns of trade and investment

The gentlemen of the Raj

The impact of World War I

The attempt to return to normality: the 1920s

Economic crisis and political advance: the 1930s

War, finance and independence

Holding India to the Empire

'Playing the Game' in Tropical Africa, 1914-40

Trade, finance and economic policy: an overview

Trusteeship and the trustees

World War I in tropical Africa

Development and control in the 1920s

Imposing and reappraising orthodoxy: the 1930s

Colonial rule with limited supplies of capital

'The Only Great Undeveloped Market in the World': China, 1911-49

Trade and finance: an overview

Strategy and strategists

Revolution, war and war-lords, 1911-18

Maintaining British influence: the 1920s

Forging a new partnership: the 1930s

Towards 1949

Safeguarding British interests in an age of revolution

Losing an Empire and Finding a Role, 1939-2000

The City, the Sterling Area and Decolonisation

The survival of the gentlemanly order

International economic policy, 1939-55

The empire in war and reconstruction

The Sterling Area: the final phase, 1955-72

Global economic change and the end of empire

Epilogue: the City in the post-imperial world

Conclusion: 1688-2000

Bases of the analysis

The historical argument

The wider context

Afterword: Empires and Globalization

The history of globalization

From proto-globalization to modern globalization

The era of post-colonial globalization.