Chemistry for environmental and Earth sciences

Table of Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

Author Biographies

Fire

Introduction to Atoms and Elements

The Structure of Atoms

The Origin of the Elements

The Periodic Table

Electrons and Electron Orbitals

Radioactivity

Radiometric Dating

Methods Box

Scientific Notation

States of Matter

Plasma

Gases

Liquids

Solids

Phase Transitions and Phase Diagrams Pure Substances, Compounds and Mixtures

Units of Measurement

SI and NonSI Units

Scientific Notation and SI Prefixes

Concentrations and Solutions Box

Significant Figures, Rounding Up and Decimal Places

Chemical Bonding Covalent Bonding Cations, Anions and Ionic Bonding

Metallic Bonding Electronegativity, Polar Bonds and Hydrogen Bonding

Chemical Structures

Structures of Organic Molecules

Three Dimensional Structures, Chirality and Optical Isomers

Structures of Inorganic Molecules Structures of Extended Networks

Chemical Reactions Chemical Reactions

The Energy of Chemical Reactions

Chemical Equlibria and Le Chatelier's Principle

Summary of End of Questions

Earth: Introduction to Formation of the Earth

The Structure of the Earth Box

Dating the Earth

The Structures of Silicate Minerals

Silicates formed from Isolated Tetrahedra Orthosilicates Single Chain Silicates

Pyroxenes Double Chain Silicates

Amphiboles Sheet Silicates

Micas, Clays and Talc Framework or TectoSilicates Silica, Feldspars and Zeolites

Igneous Rocks The Composition of Igneous Rocks Crystallisation of Igneous Rocks

Phase Diagrams Trace Elements in Igneous Rocks

Mineral Stability Box

Determining the Elemental Composition of Rocks

Sedimentary Rocks

Siliciclastic Rocks

Sandstones, clays, mudstones & siltstones Carbonates

Evaporites The Mineral Composition of Sedimentary Rocks

The Chemical Composition of Sedimentary Rocks

Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphism by Recrystallisation

Metamorphism and Chemical Reactions Box

Formation of Fossil Fuels

Weathering

Physical Weathering

Chemical Weathering

Biological Weathering

The Chemistry of Soil

Soil Organic Matter Ion exchange and Soil pH

Soil Pollution

The Analysis of Polluted Soils

Summary of End of Questions

Water: Introduction to The Properties of Water

The Phase Diagram of Water

Water and Hydrogen Bonding

Water and Heat

Water as a Solvent

The Water Cycle Acids, Bases and the pH Scale Acids and Bases The Relative Strength of Acids and Bases Strong Acids and Bases Weak Acids and Bases

The Self Ionisation of Water

The pH Scale

Acid Base Titrations

Buffer Solutions Box

The Effects of Acid Rain Ions in Solution

The Solvation of Ions

Sparingly Soluble Salts

and Solubility Products The Carbonate System

Hardness of Water

The Chemistry of Sea Water Box

CO and Killer Lakes Box

Water Softeners and How They Work

Redox Chemistry Oxidation, Reduction and Oxidation States

Redox Potentials and Stability Field Diagrams

Speciation The Redox Chemistry of Nitrogen Box

Acidic Mine Drainage Colloids and Suspended Particles

Water Pollution

Heavy Metals Nutrients and Eutrophication

Organic Pollutants

Marine oil Pollution Box

Analysis of Metals in Aqueous Solutions

Summary of End of Questions

Air: Introduction to The Structure of the Atmosphere Box

Auroras Evolution and Composition of the Atmosphere Box

Formation of The Molecules of Life Natural Cycles

The Carbon Cycle

The Nitrogen Cycle

The Sulfur Cycle

Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect

The Ozone Layer

Ozone Formation and UV Protection

Ozone depletion

Air Pollution

The Key Pollutants

Urban Smog

Dispersal of Pollutants

Indoor Air Quality

Summary of Answers to Self Assessment Questions.